Committee meetings
Once the chairperson and the rapporteurs have made themselves familiar with the subject matter of the bill and once the working groups of the parliamentary groups have come to their initial conclusions about the bill, the committee chairperson decides, in agreement with the spokespersons of the parliamentary groups, when the bill will be placed on the agenda. During this meeting the content of the bill is presented and explained in detail either by a rapporteur or by a Government representative. All members of the Federal Government and persons commissioned by it have access to meetings of the committees of the Bundestag, as provided for in Article 43 of the Basic Law. It is, however, also desirable for subject specialists from the federal ministries or the Länder to attend committee meetings so that committee members can question them directly about specific rules and about the background to, the reasons for and possible consequences of the bill. The civil servants employed by the Federal Government also have to assist with the wording of the bill. If a committee wishes to change the substance of a provision it does not need to concern itself with the legal niceties of formulating the document but can ask the civil servants from the appropriate ministry to draw up the amendment using the appropriate legal language. During the committee's initial deliberations on the bill a general debate can also be held for the purpose of comparing the main problems and political viewpoints relating to the bill.
In exceptional cases this debate can be held in public. According to the Rules of Procedure, committee meetings are not in principle open to the public. The committee may, however, decide to admit the public during the discussion of a particular item of business or during parts of the discussion. This means that journalists, interest groups or other interested parties are free to attend the meeting.
In 1995 the Bundestag passed a number of resolutions to reform its procedures, introducing, among other things, so-called "extended" public committee meetings. As a result, not only can discussions of particular items be made open to the public, but the public is now to be admitted more frequently to the final committee meeting on a particular bill. The aim is to give the public and the media a better insight into legislative deliberations and parliamentary procedures and make them aware that the substance and specific details of legislation are dealt with in the committees and not in the plenary. Quite a number of debates in the plenary, which few Members attend due to the highly specialized nature of the subject matter concerned, can be dispensed with if a public debate has been held as part of such an extended public committee meeting. An extended public committee meeting involves not only the committee responsible but also the committees asked to give an opinion; in other words all the Members who are involved with the bill in some way. Extended public committee meetings therefore are not held in the rooms usually used for committee meetings but in larger conference rooms specially equipped for the purpose. The Bundestag's newly constructed buildings in Berlin have several such rooms. They have visitors' galleries, a press gallery and space for television cameras so that media representatives, groups of visitors and individuals can follow the debates.
Extended public committee meetings are only held in connection with the final debate, which ends with the committee giving its recommendation. Before the final debate takes place, however, the committee discusses each of the clauses of the bill. The chairperson calls the individual chapters and sections, whereupon rapporteurs, other committee members or representatives of the Federal Government or the Bundesrat have an opportunity to express their views. At this stage amendments can be proposed and other formal motions for amendments moved. Speakers are given the floor in the order in which leave to speak was requested. Formal motions for amendments are voted upon at the end of the discussion of a particular chapter. If an amendment is adopted by a simple majority of those present, then the amended version of the bill presented by the Government forms the basis of all discussions from that point onwards.
Amendments to bills, which are made frequently and which can be identified most easily by comparing the amended committee version with the original text presented by the Government, are not usually the result of formal motions for amendments but rather of discussions and negotiations. During the committee stage Members do not give formal speeches but discuss individual points with each other, submitting and withdrawing proposals for debate. The committee stage therefore consists of specialized discussions which are designed to create sensible and workable legislation.
