The first reading
The Bundestag generally deals with bills in three readings in the plenary. During the first reading, a debate is only held if this is recommended by the Council of Elders or demanded by one of the parliamentary groups. Debates tend to be held on bills of topical interest or political significance if the Government wishes to state its reasons for introducing them and if the parliamentary groups wish to make public their initial position. It should be remembered that the primary reason for holding debates is not to give parliamentary groups an opportunity to convince each other of their point of view but to present to the public and the media in particular - as the most important source of public information about Parliament - the different political standpoints regarding a particular bill. Only then can the general public form an opinion about issues on the Bundestag's agenda and party-political viewpoints. Likewise, only if the public is informed about debates in the Bundestag can those affected respond to parliamentary debates concerning issues of relevance to them. By making statements on legislation being proposed and publicizing the issues involved, they make their own view on the matter public. The main function of plenary debates is therefore to contribute to the transparency of parliamentary proceedings, which is so important for democracy. However, the often very complex problems which appear on the agenda of the Bundestag cannot simply be resolved through argument and debate. Intensive preparatory work needs to be done by the parliamentary groups and specialized committees in the Bundestag, which consult relevant experts, hold hearings of those affected and of representatives of interest groups, present reports and much more.
A debate is therefore held during the first reading of a bill if the public needs to be made aware of the issues involved and the various political viewpoints before the bill is considered in greater depth by the committees. Irrespective of whether or not a debate takes place, the bill is always referred to one or more committees of the Bundestag at the end of the first reading. In exceptional cases the Bundestag may decide to dispense with the committee stage if, for example, the bill is very simple and it is clear from the outset what position the individual parties will take. This is only possible, however, if a two-thirds majority of the Bundestag votes to move straight to the second reading. This occurs only very rarely, however, since each bill should in principle be discussed in detail by the relevant committees. For the same reason the Bundestag cannot reject a bill completely or declare it disposed of during the first reading. Otherwise, the governing majority might be inclined to reject an opposition bill if, for example, it did not want the bill to become law. Even bills from minority parties, however, must be referred to the committees.
